Electromagnetic fields and public health: Base station and wireless technology (ÀüÀÚ±âÀå°ú °øÁߺ¸°Ç: ±âÁö±¹°ú ¹«¼± Åë½Å±â¼ú)
Mobile telephony is now commonplace around the world. This wireless technology relies upon an extensive network of fixed antennas, or base stations, relaying information with radiofrequency (RF) signals. Over 1.4 million base stations exist worldwide and the number is increasing significantly with the introduction of third generation technology.
ÇöÀç Àü¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÀüÈ°¡ ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹«¼±Åë½Å ±â¼úÀº °íÁ¤ ¾ÈÅ׳ªÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿¬°á¸ÁÀÎ ±âÁö±¹ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ°ÍÀº °íÁÖÆÄÀÎ ¹æ¼ÛÆÄ(radiofrequency, RF)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â Á¤º¸±â¼úÀÌ´Ù.
Other wireless networks that allow high-speed internet access and services, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), are also increasingly common in homes, offices, and many public areas (airports, schools, residential and urban areas). As the number of base stations and local wireless networks increases, so does the RF exposure of the population. Recent surveys have shown that the RF exposures from base stations range from 0.002% to 2% of the levels of international exposure guidelines, depending on a variety of factors such as the proximity to the antenna and the surrounding environment. This is lower or comparable to RF exposures from radio or television broadcast transmitters.
ÃÊ°í¼Ó ÀÎÅͳÝÀÇ Á¢±Ù°ú ¼ºñ½º¸¦ °¡´ÉÄÉÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ À¯ÇüÀÇ ¹«¼± ¿¬°á¸Á, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹«¼± ±¹¼ÒÁö¿ª ¿¬°á¸Á(wireless local area networks, WLANs) ¿ª½Ã °¡Á¤°ú Á÷Àå ±×¸®°í °ø°øÀå¼Ò(°øÇ×, Çб³, °ÅÁÖÁö¿ª ¹× µµ½ÃÁö¿ª)¿¡¼ ±× »ç¿ëÀÌ Á¡Â÷ ¸¹¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±âÁö±¹°ú Áö¿ªÀû ¹«¼± ¿¬°á¸ÁÀÇ ¼ö°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó °íÁÖÆÄ(RF)¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼öµµ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Á¶»ç¿¡ µû¸£¸é ±âÁö±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ¾çÀº ±¹Á¦³ëÃâ±Ç°í±âÁØÀÇ ¾à 0.002%¿¡¼ 2%Á¤µµ ¼öÁØÀ̸ç, ¾ÈÅ׳ª·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °Å¸®³ª ÁÖº¯ ȯ°æ°ú °°Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀεéÀÌ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¶óµð¿À ȤÀº ÅÚ·¹ºñÀü ¹æ¼Û±¹ ¼Û½Å¼Ò·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© Àû°Å³ª ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÌ´Ù.
There has been concern about possible health consequences from exposure to the RF fields produced by wireless technologies. This fact sheet reviews the scientific evidence on the health effects from continuous low-level human exposure to base stations and other local wireless networks.
¹«¼±Åë½Å ±â¼ú¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÑ °Ç°¿µÇâÀÌ Àǽɵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ fact sheet ´Â ±âÁö±¹°ú ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¼±Åë½Å ¿¬°á¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ°í ³·Àº ¼±·®ÀÇ ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Ç°¿µÇâ¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ±Ù°ÅµéÀ» Á¤¸® °íÂûÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
°Ç°¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇ½É (Health Concerns)
A common concern about base station and local wireless network antennas relates to the possible long-term health effects that whole-body exposure to the RF signals may have. To date, the only health effect from RF fields identified in scientific reviews has been related to an increase in body temperature (> 1 ¡ÆC) from exposure at very high field intensity found only in certain industrial facilities, such as RF heaters. The levels of RF exposure from base stations and wireless networks are so low that the temperature increases are insignificant and do not affect human health.
º¸Åë ±âÁö±¹°ú Áö¿ª ¹«¼±¸Á¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÈçÈ÷ Á¦±âµÇ´Â ÀǽÉÀº °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü½Å ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ý °¡´ÉÇÑ Àå±âÀûÀÎ °Ç°¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇÐÀûÀÎ Á¤¸®°íÂûÀ» ÅëÇØ Áö±Ý±îÁö ¹àÇôÁø À¯ÀÏÇÑ °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ °Ç°¿µÇâÀº °íÁÖÆÄ °¡¿±â¿Í °°Àº ƯÁ¤ »ê¾÷½Ã¼³¿¡¼ º¸ÀÌ´Â ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº °µµÀÇ ÀüÀÚÀå¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¸é ü¿ÂÀÌ »ó½Â(>1¡É)ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±âÁö±¹À̳ª ¹«¼± ¸Á¿¡¼ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ¼öÁØÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ³·¾Æ¼ ü¿Â»ó½ÂÀÌ ¹Ì¹ÌÇÏ¿© Àΰ£ÀÇ °Ç°¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡±â ¾î·Æ´Ù.
The strength of RF fields is greatest at its source, and diminishes quickly with distance. Access near base station antennas is restricted where RF signals may exceed international exposure limits. Recent surveys have indicated that RF exposures from base stations and wireless technologies in publicly accessible areas (including schools and hospitals) are normally thousands of times below international standards.
°íÁÖÆÄÀÇ °µµ´Â ±× ¹ß»ý¿ø¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¼¼°í, °Å¸®¿¡ µû¶ó ±Þ¼ÓÇÏ°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ³ëÃâ·®ÀÌ ±¹Á¦Àû ³ëÃâ±Ç°í±âÁغ¸´Ù ³ôÀº °÷¿¡¼´Â, ±âÁö±¹¾ÈÅ׳ª °¡±îÀÌ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±ÝÁöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù Á¶»ç¿¡ µû¸£¸é °ø°øÀå¼Ò(Çб³¿Í º´¿øÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©)¿¡¼ ±âÁö±¹°ú ¹«¼±Åë½Å ±â±â·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ¼öÁØÀº ±¹Á¦Àû ±âÁغ¸´Ù ¼öõ ¹è ´õ ³·´Ù.
In fact, due to their lower frequency, at similar RF exposure levels, the body absorbs up to five times more of the signal from FM radio and television than from base stations. This is because the frequencies used in FM radio (around 100 MHz) and in TV broadcasting (around 300 to 400 MHz) are lower than those employed in mobile telephony (900 MHz and 1800 MHz) and because a person's height makes the body an efficient receiving antenna. Further, radio and television broadcast stations have been in operation for the past 50 or more years without any adverse health consequence being established.
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While most radio technologies have used analog signals, modern wireless telecommunications are using digital transmissions. Detailed reviews conducted so far have not revealed any hazard specific to different RF modulations.
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¶óµð¿À ±â¼úÀº ¾Æ³¯·Î±× ½ÅÈ£¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°í Çö´ëÀû ¹«¼± Åë½ÅÀº µðÁöÅÐ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¼¼¹ÐÇÑ ¿¬±¸°íÂû¿¡ µû¸£¸é ´Ù¾çÇÑ °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ º¯È¯(modulation)°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ƯÀÌÀûÀÎ À¯Çؼº¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹àÇôÁø °ÍÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù.
Cancer: Media or anecdotal reports of cancer clusters around mobile phone base stations have heightened public concern. It should be noted that geographically, cancers are unevenly distributed among any population. Given the widespread presence of base stations in the environment, it is expected that possible cancer clusters will occur near base stations merely by chance. Moreover, the reported cancers in these clusters are often a collection of different types of cancer with no common characteristics and hence unlikely to have a common cause.
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Scientific evidence on the distribution of cancer in the population can be obtained through carefully planned and executed epidemiological studies. Over the past 15 years, studies examining a potential relationship between RF transmitters and cancer have been published. These studies have not provided evidence that RF exposure from the transmitters increases the risk of cancer. Likewise, long-term animal studies have not established an increased risk of cancer from exposure to RF fields, even at levels that are much higher than produced by base stations and wireless networks.
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Other effects: Few studies have investigated general health effects in individuals exposed to RF fields from base stations. This is because of the difficulty in distinguishing possible health effects from the very low signals emitted by base stations from other higher strength RF signals in the environment. Most studies have focused on the RF exposures of mobile phone users. Human and animal studies examining brain wave patterns, cognition and behaviour after exposure to RF fields, such as those generated by mobile phones, have not identified adverse effects. RF exposures used in these studies were about 1000 times higher than those associated with general public exposure from base stations or wireless networks. No consistent evidence of altered sleep or cardiovascular function has been reported.
±âŸ ¿µÇâ : ±âÁö±¹ÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °Ç°¿µÇâÀ» »ìÆ캻 ¿¬±¸´Â ¸¹Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ȯ°æ Áß¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ´õ ³ôÀº °íÁÖÆĽÅÈ£¿¡ ºñÇÏ¿© ±âÁö±¹¿¡¼ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â ¸Å¿ì ³·Àº ½ÅÈ£ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Ç°¿µÇâÀ» ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô ¹àÇô³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ½±Áö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â À̵¿ÀüÈ»ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̵¿ÀüÈ¿¡¼ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÈ ÈÄ¿¡ ³úÆÄÀÇ À¯Çü, ÀÎÁö±â´É°ú ÇൿÀÇ º¯È¸¦ »ìÆ캻 »ç¶÷ ÀÚ¿øÀÚ ¿¬±¸ ¹× µ¿¹°½ÇÇè ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â ºÐ¸íÇÑ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¿µÇâÀÌ ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
Some individuals have reported that they experience non-specific symptoms upon exposure to RF fields emitted from base stations and other EMF devices. As recognized in a recent WHO fact sheet "Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity", EMF has not been shown to cause such symptoms. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize the plight of people suffering from these symptoms.
ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀº ±âÁö±¹°ú ´Ù¸¥ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ±â±â¿¡¼ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ ¶§¹®¿¡ ºñƯÀÌÀûÀÎ Áõ»óÀ» °æÇèÇÏ¿´À½À» º¸°íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ WHOÀÇ fact sheet ÀÎ ¡®ÀüÀÚÆÄ °ú¹Î¼º¡¯¿¡¼ ¹àÈù ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ÀüÀÚÆÄ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Áõ»óÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ»óÀ» È£¼ÒÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àß ÀÎÁöÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
From all evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short- or long-term health effects have been shown to occur from the RF signals produced by base stations. Since wireless networks produce generally lower RF signals than base stations, no adverse health effects are expected from exposure to them.
Áö±Ý±îÁö ÃàÀûµÈ ¸ðµç Áõ°Å¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÏ¿© º¼ ¶§, ±âÁö±¹ ÀüÆķκÎÅÍ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇؼ ´Ü±âÀûÀ¸·Î³ª Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î °Ç°¿¡ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¿µÇâÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³´Ù´Â Áõ°Å´Â ¾ø´Ù. ¹«¼±¸ÁÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±âÁö±¹º¸´Ù ´õ ³·Àº °íÁÖÆÄ ½ÅÈ£¸¦ ¹æÃâÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ°Í¿¡ ³ëÃâµÈ »ç¶÷µé¿¡¼ À¯ÇØÇÑ °Ç°¿µÇâÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸ®¶ó°í´Â ±â´ëÇϱ⠾î·Æ´Ù.
º¸È£ ±âÁØ (Protection Standards)
International exposure guidelines have been developed to provide protection against established effects from RF fields by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 1998) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE, 2005).
±¹Á¦ºñÀü¸®¹æ»ç¼±º¸È£±¹(International Commission on Non-lonizing Radiation Protection, ICNRP, 1998)°ú Àü±âÀüÀÚ°øÇבּ¸¼Ò(Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, IEEE, 2005)¿¡¼´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö ¹àÇôÁø °íÁÖÆÄ ÀüÀÚÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ýü¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ÀÎü¸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦ ³ëÃâ±âÁØÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù.
National authorities should adopt international standards to protect their citizens against adverse levels of RF fields. They should restrict access to areas where exposure limits may be exceeded.
Á¤ºÎ ´ç±¹ÀÚµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀÌ À¯ÇØÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ÀüÀÚÆÄ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© À̸¦ À§ÇØ ¼³Á¤µÈ ±¹Á¦±âÁØÀ» äÅÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ³ëÃâÇã¿ë±âÁØÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â Àå¼Ò¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÁßÀÇ ÀÎÁö (Public perception of risk)
Some people perceive risks from RF exposure as likely and even possibly severe. Several reasons for public fear include media announcements of new and unconfirmed scientific studies, leading to a feeling of uncertainty and a perception that there may be unknown or undiscovered hazards. Other factors are aesthetic concerns and a feeling of a lack of control or input to the process of determining the location of new base stations. Experience shows that education programmes as well as effective communications and involvement of the public and other stakeholders at appropriate stages of the decision process before installing RF sources can enhance public confidence and acceptability.
ÀϺÎÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ À§Çè ¶ÇÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ½É°¢ÇÑ À§ÇèÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øÆ÷½ÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¿©·¯ ÀÌÀ¯ Áß¿¡´Â »õ·Î¿î ȤÀº È®ÀεÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸°á°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð·Ðº¸µµ ¶§¹®¿¡, Àß ¾ËÀÌ ¸øÇϰųª ¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº À¯ÇؼºÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ´À³¦À» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±× ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¿äÀεéÀº ¹Ì°ü»óÀÇ ¹®Á¦, ±×¸®°í »õ·Î¿î ±âÁö±¹ÀÇ ¼³Ä¡Àå¼Ò¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾Æ¹«·± ÅëÁ¦·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â ´À³¦ °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. °æÇè¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, È¿°úÀûÀÎ ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅë, ´ëÁßµé°ú ÀÌÇØÁý´ÜµéÀÌ °íÁÖÆÄ ¹ß»ý¿øÀ» ¼³Ä¡Çϱâ Àü¿¡ °áÁ¤°úÁ¤ÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ´Ü°è¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ±³À° ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ µîÀº ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ½Å·Ú¿Í ¼ö¿ë¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
°á ·Ð (Conclusions)
Considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.
¸Å¿ì ³·Àº ³ëÃâ¼öÁØ°ú ÇöÀç±îÁöÀÇ ¿¬±¸°á°ú¸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¿© º¼ ¶§, ±âÁö±¹°ú ¹«¼± ¿¬°á¸Á¿¡¼ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â ¹Ì¾àÇÑ °íÁÖÆÄ ½ÅÈ£°¡ À¯ÇØÇÑ °Ç°¿µÇâÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ °úÇÐÀû Áõ°Åµµ ¾ø´Ù.
WHO Initiatives
WHO, through the International EMF Project, has established a programme to monitor the EMF scientific literature, to evaluate the health effects from exposure to EMF in the range from 0 to 300 GHz, to provide advice about possible EMF hazards and to identify suitable mitigation measures. Following extensive international reviews, the International EMF Project has promoted research to fill gaps in knowledge. In response national governments and research institutes have funded over $250 million on EMF research over the past 10 years.
WHO´Â ±¹Á¦ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ÅëÇØ, ÀüÀÚÆÄ °ü·ÃµÈ °úÇÐÀû ¹®ÇåÀ» ¸ð´ÏÅÍÇÏ°í 0-300GHz¿¡ À̸£´Â ÀüÀÚÆijëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÑ °Ç°¿µÇâÀ» Æò°¡Çϸç, °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀüÀÚÆÄÀÇ À¯Çؼº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¶¾ðÀ» »ý»êÇϸç, ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ëó¹æ¾ÈÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ±¹Á¦Àû ¸®ºä¸¦ ÅëÇØ, ±¹Á¦ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ÇöÀçÀÇ Áö½Ä¼öÁØÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ¸Þ²Ü ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÃËÁø½ÃÄÑ¿Ô´Ù. °ú°Å 10³â µ¿¾È °¢ Á¤ºÎ¿Í ¿¬±¸±â°üÀÌ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ½ñ¾Æ ºÎÀº ¿¬±¸ºñ´Â 250,000,000 ´Þ·¯ÀÌ´Ù.
While no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from base stations and wireless networks, research is still being promoted by WHO to determine whether there are any health consequences from the higher RF exposures from mobile phones.
±âÁö±¹°ú ¹«¼± ¿¬°á¸ÁÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© °Ç°¿µÇâÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸ®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´ëÇϱ⠾î·Æ±â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, À̵¿ÀüÈ¿¡¼ ¹æÃâµÇ´Â ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ³ëÃâ·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Ç°¿µÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸±â À§ÇÏ¿© WHO¿¡¼´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÃËÁø½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a WHO specialized agency, is expected to conduct a review of cancer risk from RF fields in 2006-2007 and the International EMF Project will then undertake an overall health risk assessment for RF fields in 2007-2008.
WHOÀÇ Æ¯¼ö±â±¸ÀÎ ±¹Á¦¾Ï±â±¸(International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC)´Â 2006-2007³â µ¿¾È °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ·Î ÀÎÇÑ ¾Ï¹ß»ý À§Çè¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸®ºä¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ±¹Á¦ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¿¡¼´Â 2007-2008³â µ¿¾È Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ °íÁÖÆÄ ÀüÀÚÆÄÀÇ °Ç°À§Çè Æò°¡¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù.
Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile telephones and their base stations (ÀüÀÚ±âÀå°ú °øÁߺ¸°Ç: À̵¿ÀüÈ¿Í ±âÁö±¹)
Mobile telephones, sometimes called cellular phones or handies, are now an integral part of modern telecommunications. In some parts of the world, they are the most reliable or only phones available. In others, mobile phones are very popular because they allow people to maintain continuous communication without hampering freedom of movement.
¶§¶§·Î ¼¿·ê¶ó Àüȱ⠶Ǵ ÇÚµåÆùÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â À̵¿Àüȱâ´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ Á¤º¸Åë½ÅÀÇ ÇÙ½É ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ¾î¶² Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â, À̵¿Àüȱâ´Â °¡Àå ¹ÏÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ÀüÈÀ̰ųª ´ÜÁö ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀüÈÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â À̵¿Àüȱâ´Â À̵¿ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ ¹æÇØ ¾øÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ Åë½ÅÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇØÁֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ÀαⰡ ÀÖ´Ù.
This fact sheet has been updated in the light of recent reviews of the effects on human beings of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 1999, the Royal Society of Canada (1999), and a review on mobile phones and health by an expert committee in the United Kingdom (IEGMP 2000).
ÀÌ º¸°í¼´Â 1999³â 11¿ù WHO¿¡¼ ¼öÇàÇÑ ÀüÀÚÆÄÀÇ ÀÎü¿µÇâ º¸°í¼, ij³ª´ÙÀÇ Royal Society of Canada, ±×¸®°í ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Àü¹®°¡À§¿øȸ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À̵¿Àüȱâ¿Í °Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸°í¼¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸°á°ú¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ¿© °»½ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Use of mobile phones (À̵¿ÀüȱâÀÇ »ç¿ë)
In many countries, over half the population already use mobile phones and the market is still growing rapidly. The industry predicts that there will be as many as 1.6 billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide in the year 2005. Because of this, increasing numbers of mobile base stations have had to be installed. Base stations are low-powered radio antennae that communicate with users' handsets. In early 2000 there were about 20,000 base stations in operation the United Kingdom and about 82,000 cell sites in the United States, with each cell site holding one or more base stations.
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ¹Ì Àα¸ÀÇ Àý¹Ý ÀÌ»óÀÌ ÈÞ´ëÆùÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °ü·Ã ½ÃÀåÀº Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ºÀåÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ê¾÷±Ô¸ð´Â 2005³â¿¡ 16¾ï¸íÀÇ À̵¿ÀüÈ °¡ÀÔÀÚ°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ À̵¿ÀüÈ ±âÁö±¹ÀÇ ¼öµµ Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±âÁö±¹Àº ÈÞ´ëÀüÈ¿Í Åë½ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ÀúÃâ·ÂÀÇ ¹«¼± ¾ÈÅ׳ª¸¦ °¡Áø´Ù. 2000³â ÃÊ¿¡ ¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â 2¸¸°³ Á¤µµÀÇ ±âÁö±¹ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼´Â 82,000°³ÀÇ ¼¿ »çÀÌÆ®°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¢°¢ÀÇ ¼¿»çÀÌÆ®´Â Çϳª ÀÌ»óÀÇ ±âÁö±¹À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù.
°Ç°¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇ½É (Health Concerns)
Given the immense numbers of users of mobile phones, even small adverse effects on health could have major public health implications. This fact sheet addresses these concerns. Several important considerations must be kept in mind when evaluating possible health effects of RF fields. One is the frequency of operation. Current mobile phone systems operate at frequencies between 800 and 1800 MHz. It is important not to confuse such RF fields with ionizing radiation, such as X-rays or gamma rays. Unlike ionizing radiation, RF fields cannot cause ionization or radioactivity in the body. Because of this, RF fields are called non-ionizing.
ÈÞ´ëÆù »ç¿ëÀÚÀÇ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¼ö¸¦ °í·ÁÇßÀ» ¶§, ½ÉÁö¾î °Ç°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÛÀº ºÎÀÛ¿ëµµ Áß¿äÇÑ °øÁß º¸°Ç¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ fact sheet´Â ¿©±â¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃá´Ù. ÀüÀÚÆÄÀÇ °Ç°¿µÇâÀ» Æò°¡ÇÒ ¶§, ¸î °¡Áö Á¡À» ²À °í·ÁÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ù°´Â µ¿ÀÛÁÖÆļöÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç À̵¿ÀüÈ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº 800°ú 1800 MHz »çÀÌÀÇ ÁÖÆļö¿¡¼ µ¿ÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ¿¢½º·¹À̳ª °¨¸¶·¹ÀÌ °°Àº Àü¸®¹æ»ç¼±°ú ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüÀÚÆĸ¦ È¥µ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. Àü¸®¹æ»ç¼±°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, ÀüÀÚÆÄ´Â ÀÎü ³»¿¡¼ ÀÌ¿Âȳª ¹æ»ç´ÉÀ» ¾ß±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀüÀÚÆÄ´Â ºñÀü¸®¹æ»ç¼±À̶ó ºÒ¸°´Ù.
<>³ëÃâÀÇ Á¤µµ(Exposure levels)
Mobile phone handsets and base stations present quite different exposure situations. RF exposure to a user of a mobile phone is far higher than to a person living near a cellular base station. However, apart from infrequent signals used to maintain links with nearby base stations, the handset transmits RF energy only while a call is being made, whereas base stations are continuously transmitting signals.
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Handsets: Mobile phone handsets are low-powered RF transmitters, emitting maximum powers in the range of 0.2 to 0.6 watts. Other types of hand held transmitter, such as "walkie talkies", may emit 10 watts or more. The RF field strength (and hence RF exposure to a user) falls off rapidly with distance from the handset. Therefore, the RF exposure to a user of a mobile phone located 10s of centimetres from the head (using a "hands free" appliance) is far lower than to a user who places the headset against the head. RF exposures to nearby people are very low.
ÈÞ´ëÆù: ÈÞ´ëÆùÀº ³·Àº Àü·ÂÀÇ RF ¼Û½Å±â·Î, 0.2¿¡¼ 0.6 WÀÇ ¹üÀ§¿¡¼ ÃÖ´ë Àü·ÂÀ» ¹æ»çÇÑ´Ù. "¿öÅ°ÅäÅ°"¿Í °°Àº ¼ÒÇü ¼Û½Å±âÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀº ´Ü¸»±â´Â 10 W³ª ±× ÀÌ»óÀ» ¹æ»çÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀÚÆÄ ¼¼±â(¿Í »ç¿ëÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ RF ³ëÃâ)´Â ÈÞ´ëÆù°úÀÇ °Å¸®¿¡ µû¶ó ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¸Ó¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö½Ê10cm ¶³¾îÁ®ÀÖ´Â ÈÞ´ëÆù »ç¿ëÀÚ("hands free"¶ó´Â ±â±¸¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©)ÀÇ RF ³ëÃâÀº ÈÞ´ëÀüȸ¦ ¸Ó¸®¿¡ ºÙÀÌ°í »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â »ç¿ëÀÚº¸´Ù ´õ ³·¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÀÎÁ¢ »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ RF ³ëÃâ·®Àº ¸Å¿ì ³·´Ù.
Base stations: Base stations transmit power levels from a few watts to 100 watts or more, depending on the size of the region or "cell" that they are designed to service. Base station antennae are typically about 20-30 cm in width and a metre in length, mounted on buildings or towers at a height of from 15 to 50 metres above ground. These antennae emit RF beams that are typically very narrow in the vertical direction but quite broad in the horizontal direction. Because of the narrow vertical spread of the beam, the RF field intensity at the ground directly below the antenna is low. The RF field intensity increases slightly as one moves away from the base station and then decreases at greater distances from the antenna.
±âÁö±¹: ±âÁö±¹Àº ¼ºñ½ºÇÏ´Â ¿µ¿ª ¶Ç´Â ¡°¼¿¡±ÀÇ Å©±â¿¡ µû¶ó ¼ö W¿¡¼ 100 W ȤÀº ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ Àü·ÂÀ» Àü¼ÛÇÑ´Ù. ±âÁö±¹ ¾ÈÅ׳ª´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾à 20-30cm ÀÇ Æø°ú 1mÀÇ ±æÀ̸¦ °¡Áö¸ç, Áö»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾à 15¿¡¼ 50 ¹ÌÅÍÀÇ ³ôÀÌÀÇ ºôµùÀ̳ª öž¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¾ÈÅ׳ª´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÁ÷¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¸Å¿ì Á¼À½ ºöÀ» ¼öÆò¹æÇâÀ¸·Î´Â ¸Å¿ì ³ÐÀº ºö ÇüŸ¦ °®´Â´Ù. ¼öÁ÷¹æÇâÀ¸·Î Á¼Àº ºöÆø ¶§¹®¿¡, ¾ÈÅ׳ª ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¶¥¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀüÀÚÆÄ °µµ´Â ³·´Ù. ÀüÀÚÆÄ °µµ´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ±âÁö±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁú¼ö·Ï ¾à°£¾¿ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°í, ±× ´ÙÀ½ ¾ÈÅ׳ª·ÎºÎÅÍ °Å¸®°¡ ¸Ö¾îÁú ¼ö·Ï °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
Typically within 2-5 metres of some antennae mounted on rooftops, fences keep people away from places where the RF fields exceed exposure limits. Since antennae direct their power outward, and do not radiate significant amounts of energy from their back surfaces or towards the top or bottom of the antenna, the levels of RF energy inside or to the sides of the building are normally very low.
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °Ç¹° ¿Á»ó¿¡ žÀçµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾ÈÅ׳ª·ÎºÎÅÍ 2-5¹ÌÅÍ ³»¿¡´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀüÀÚÆÄ°¡ ³ëÃâ Á¦ÇÑÀ» ÃÊ°úÇÏ´Â Àå¼Ò¿¡ °¡±îÀÌ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï ¿ïŸ¸®¸¦ Ä¡°Ô µÇ´Ù. ¾ÈÅ׳ª´Â Àü·ÂÀ» ¹æ»ç ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ¾ÈÅ׳ª µÞ¸éÀ̳ª ¾ÈÅ׳ªÀÇ ²À´ë±â³ª ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î´Â Àü·ÂÀ» ¹æ»çÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ºôµù ³»ºÎ³ª ºô´ç ¹æÇâÀÇ Àü·Â·¹º§Àº ¸Å¿ì ³·´Ù.
Other RF sources in the community: Paging and other communications antennae such as those used by fire, police and emergency services, operate at similar power levels as cellular base stations, and often at a similar frequency. In many urban areas television and radio broadcast antennae commonly transmit higher RF levels than do mobile base stations.
´Ù¸¥ RF¿ø: ¹«¼±È£ÃâÀ̳ª ¼Ò¹æ¿ë, °æÂû ¹× ºñ»ó ¼ºñ½º µî¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´Ù¸¥ Åë½Å¿ë ¾ÈÅ׳ª´Â À̵¿Åë½Å±âÁö±¹°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÁÖÆļö¿Í Àü·Â·¹º§¿¡¼ µ¿ÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹Àº µµ½Ã Áö¿ª¿¡¼´Â, ÅÚ·¹ºñÀü°ú ¶óµð¿À ¹æ¼Û ¾ÈÅ׳ª µîÀÌ ÈÞ´ëÆù ±âÁö±¹º¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº RF Àü·ÂÀ» Àü¼ÛÇÑ´Ù.
°Ç°¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ (Health Effects)
RF fields penetrate exposed tissues to depths that depend on the frequency - up to a centimetre at the frequencies used by mobile phones. RF energy is absorbed in the body and produces heat, but the body's normal thermoregulatory processes carry this heat away. All established health effects of RF exposure are clearly related to heating. While RF energy can interact with body tissues at levels too low to cause any significant heating, no study has shown adverse health effects at exposure levels below international guideline limits.
ÀüÀÚÆÄ´Â ³ëÃâµÈ Á¶Á÷À» ÁÖÆļö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ±íÀº °÷±îÁö Åë°úÇÑ´Ù. ÈÞ´ëÆù¿¡ »ç¿ëµÈ ÁÖÆļöÀÇ ¼¾Æ¼¹ÌÅͱîÁö. RF ¿¡³ÊÁö´Â ¸ö¿¡ Èí¼öµÇ°í, ¿À» »ý»êÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸öÀÇ Á¤»óÀûÀΠü¿ÂÁ¶Àý °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¿À» °¡Á®°¡ ¹ö¸°´Ù. ¸ðµç RF ³ëÃâÀÇ È®¸³µÈ °Ç° ¿µÇâÀº ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ¿°ú °ü·Ã ÀÖ´Ù. ³Ê¹« ³·¾Æ¼ »ó´çÇÑ ¿À» ¾ß±âÇÏ´Â ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ RF ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¸öÀÇ Á¶Á÷°ú »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿¬±¸´Â ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ Áöħ¼ ÇÑ°è ÇÏÀÇ ³ëÃâ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ °Ç° ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
Most studies have examined the results of short-term, whole body exposure to RF fields at levels far higher than those normally associated with wireless communications. With the advent of such devices as walkie-talkies and mobile phones, it has become apparent that few studies address the consequences of localised exposures to RF fields to the head.
´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹«¼±Åë½Å¿¡¼ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Àü·Â·¹º§º¸´Ù ´õ ³ôÀº ¼öÁØÀÇ ÀüÀÚÆÄ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àü½Å ³ëÃâ¿¡ °üÇÑ ´Ü±â°£ÀÇ °á°ú ¸¸À» °üÂûÇß´Ù. ¿öÅ°ÅäÅ°³ª ÈÞ´ëÀüÈ¿Í °°Àº Àåºñ°¡ ÃâÇöÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó, ÀÎüÀÇ ¸Ó¸® ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ±¹ºÎ³ëÃâÀÇ °á°ú¸¦ ´Ù·é ¿¬±¸°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇØÁ³´Ù.
WHO has identified research needs to make better health risk assessment and promoted the research to funding agencies. Briefly, at present time this research indicates:
WHO´Â °Ç° À§Çè Æò°¡¸¦ ´õ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé±â À§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Çʿ伺À» È®ÀÎÇß°í, ÀÚ±ÝÁ¶´ÞÀ» ÅëÇØ °ü·Ã ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁõÁø½ÃÄ×´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ, ÇöÀç ÀÌ ¿¬±¸·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
Cancer: Current scientific evidence indicates that exposure to RF fields, such as those emitted by mobile phones and their base stations, is unlikely to induce or promote cancers. Several studies of animals exposed to RF fields similar to those emitted by mobile phones found no evidence that RF causes or promotes brain cancer. While one 1997 study found that RF fields increased the rate at which genetically engineered mice developed lymphoma, the health implications of this result is unclear. Several studies are underway to confirm this finding and determine any relevance of these results to cancer in human beings. Three recent epidemiological studies found no convincing evidence of increase in risk of cancer or any other disease with use of mobile phones.
¾Ï: ÇöÀç ÈÞ´ëÆùÀ̳ª ±âÁö±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹æ»çµÇ´Â ÀüÀÚÆÄ ³ëÃâÀº ¾ÏÀ» ¾ß±âÇϰųª ÃËÁø½ÃÅ°Áö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹àÇôÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¸îÂ÷·ÊÀÇ µ¿¹°½ÇÇè¿¡¼ ÈÞ´ëÆù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹æ»çµÇ´Â °Í°ú À¯»çÇÑ ÀüÀÚÆÄ ³ëÃâÀÌ ³ú¾ÏÀ» ¾ß±âÇϰųª Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ Áõ°Åµµ ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. 1997³â ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ ÀüÀÚÆÄ°¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ Á¶ÀÛµÈ ÁãÀÇ ÀÓÆÄÁ¾ ¹ß»ýÀ²À» Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×´Ù°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇßÁö¸¸, ÀÌ °á°úÀÇ °Ç°Ãø¸é ¿µÇâÀº ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¸î¸î ¿¬±¸ ÀÚ±ÝÀ» ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¾ÏÀÇ ÀÌ °á°úÀÇ °ü·Ã¼ºÀ» ÀÔÁõÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼ °³ÀÇ ÃÖ±Ù ¿ªÇÐ ¿¬±¸´Â ÈÞ´ëÆùÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¾ÏÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ Áúº´ÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¼³µæ·Â ÀÖ´Â Áõ°Å¸¦ ãÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
Other health risks: Scientists have reported other effects of using mobile phones including changes in brain activity, reaction times, and sleep patterns. These effects are small and have no apparent health significance. More studies are in progress to try to confirm these findings.
´Ù¸¥ °Ç° À§Çè: °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ³úÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÇ º¯È, ¹ÝÀÀ ½Ã°£, ÀáÀÇ ÆÐÅÏÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇؼ ÈÞ´ëÆù »ç¿ëÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿µÇâÀ» º¸°íÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿µÇâÀº ÀÛ°í °Ç° Á߿伺ÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ È®ÀÎÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¸¹Àº ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇöÀç ÁøÇà ÁßÀÌ´Ù.
Driving: Research has clearly shown an increased risk of traffic accidents when mobile phones (either handheld or with a "hands-free" kit) are used while driving.
¿îÀü : ¿îÀü Áß ÈÞ´ëÆù(ÇÚÁîÇÁ¸®¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϰųª ¼Õ¿¡ µé°í ÅëÈÇÏ´Â °Í ¸ðµÎ)ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÆÀ» ¶§, ±³Åë»ç°í°¡ Áõ°¡µÇ´Â ´Ù´Â À§ÇèÀ» ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Electromagnetic interference: When mobile phones are used close to some medical devices (including pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, and certain hearing aids) there is the possibility of causing interference. There is also the potential of interference between mobile phones and aircraft electronics.
ÀüÀÚÆÄ °£¼·: ¸î¸î ÀÇÇÐ ±â°è(½ÉÀå ¹Úµ¿ Á¶Àý ÀåÄ¡,implantable defibrillators, º¸Ã»±â)ÀÇ °¡±îÀÌ¿¡¼ ÈÞ´ëÆùÀÌ »ç¿ëµÉ ¶§, °£¼·À» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ÈÞ´ëÆù°ú Ç×°øÀüÀÚÀåºñ »çÀÌ¿¡µµ °£¼·ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
EMF guidline (EMF °¡À̵å¶óÀÎ)
International guidelines developed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) are based on a careful analysis of all scientific literature (both thermal and non-thermal effects) and offer protection against all identified hazards of RF energy with large safety margins. Both measurements and calculations show that RF signal levels in areas of public access from base stations are far below international guidelines, typically by a factor of 100 or more. RF exposure levels to a user from mobile handsets are considerably larger but below international guidelines.
±¹Á¦ºñÀü¸®¹æ»ç¼±º¸È£±¹(ICNIRP)¿¡¼ °³¹ßµÈ ±¹Á¦ ±âÁØÀº ¸ðµç °úÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸(¿ È¿°ú ¹× ºñ¿ È¿°ú)µéÀÇ ÁÖÀDZíÀº °ËÅä¿Í ¸ðµç RF¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ °³º° À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ÐÀº ¾ÈÀü ¸¶ÁøÀ» °¡Áö°í º¸È£ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃøÁ¤°ú °è»ê(ºÐ¼®) °á°ú ±¹Á¦ ±âÁØÀ» ÁؼöÇÏ¸é ±âÁö±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀϹÝÀÎÀÌ Á¢±Ù °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ RF ¿¡³ÊÁö ·¹º§Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î 100ºÐÀÌ 1À̳ª ±× ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù. À̵¿Àüȸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °í°´µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ ¼öÁØÀº »ó´çÈ÷ Å©Áö¸¸ ±¹Á¦ ±âÁغ¸´Ù ³·´Ù.
What WHO is doing (WHO°¡ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏ)
In response to public concerns, WHO established the International Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project to assess the scientific evidence of possible health effects of EMF. Specific studies have been identified to address the problem of localised exposure. The project has established a formal mechanism for reviewing the research results and conducting risk assessments of RF exposure. It is also developing public information materials, and bringing together standards groups worldwide in an attempt to harmonise international exposure standards.
ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁßµéÀÇ °ü½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÀ´äÀ¸·Î, WHO´Â ÀüÀÚÆÄ°¡ °Ç°¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ Áõ°Åµé¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¡®±¹Á¦ EMF ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® (International EMF Project)¡¯¸¦ ¼³¸³Çß´Ù. ±¹ºÎ ³ëÃâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â Á¶»ç°á°úµéÀº Àç°ËÅäÇÏ°í °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À§Çè »çÇ×µéÀ» ¾Ë¸®±â À§ÇØ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ¸ÅÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀϹÝÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¤º¸¹®ÇåµéÀ» °³¹ßÇÏ°í, ±¹Á¦³ëÃâ±âÁØÀÇ Á¶È¸¦ À§Çؼ ¼¼°èÀûÀΠǥÁØ ±×·ìµéÀ» °øµ¿À¸·Î ÀÛ¾÷ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
WHO is also conducting RF research. A large epidemiology study is being co-ordinated in over 10 countries by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) -- a specialised cancer research agency of WHO -- to identify if there are links between use of mobile phones and head and neck cancers. The study is anticipated to be completed in 2003.
WHO ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ °íÁÖÆÄ Çмú ¿¬±¸µµ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±¤´ëÇÑ ¿ªÇÐÀû ¿¬±¸´Â ±¹Á¦¾Ï±â±¸(IARC)- WHOÀÇ Æ¯¼ö¾ÏÁ¶»ç±â±¸-¿¡¼ À̵¿ÀüÈ»ç¿ë°ú ¸Ó¸®¿Í ¸ñ ºÎºÐÀÇ ¾ÏÀÌ ¼·Î ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ 10°³±¹ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô ÁøÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Conclusion and recommendations(°á·Ð°ú ±ÇÀå»çÇ×)
None of the recent reviews have concluded that exposure to the RF fields from mobile phones or their base stations causes any adverse health consequence. However, there are gaps in knowledge that have been identified for further research to better assess health risks. It will take about 3-4 years for the required RF research to be completed, evaluated and to publish the final results of any health risks. In the meantime, WHO recommends:
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿¬±¸µµ À̵¿Àüȳª ±âÁö±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °íÁÖÆÄÀÇ ³ëÃâÀÌ °Ç°¿¡ ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿µÇâÀ» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù´Â °á·Ð³»¸®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, °Ç° À§ÇèµéÀ» Æò°¡Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Ãß°¡ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ Á¤µµÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ÀÖ´Ù. °Ç°¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ À§Çè¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿äûµÈ °íÁÖÆÄ Á¶»ç ÃÖÁ¾ÀûÀÎ °á°ú¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°í Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â °ÅÀÇ 3-4³â Á¤µµ °É¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× »çÀÌ¿¡, WHO °¡ ±ÇÀåÇÑ »çÇ×µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
Strict adherence to health-based guidelines: International guidelines have been developed to protect everyone in the population: mobile phone users, those who work near or live around base stations, as well as people who do not use mobile phones.
°Ç° ±âÃÊ ±âÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Áö½Ã: ±¹Á¦ ±âÁØÀº À̵¿ÀüÈ »ç¿ëÀÚ, ±âÁö±¹ ±Ùó¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϰųª »ì°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̵¿Àüȸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ º¸È£Çϱâ À§Çؼ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù.)
Precautionary measures(¿¹¹æÃ¥)
- Government: If regulatory authorities have adopted health-based guidelines but, because of public concerns, would like to introduce additional precautionary measures to reduce exposure to RF fields, they should not undermine the science base of the guidelines by incorporating arbitrary additional safety factors into the exposure limits. Precautionary measures should be introduced as a separate policy that encourages, through voluntary means, the reduction of RF fields by equipment manufacturers and the public. Details of such measures are given in a separate WHO Background document.
- Individuals: Present scientific information does not indicate the need for any special precautions for use of mobile phones. If individuals are concerned, they might choose to limit their own or their children's' RF exposure by limiting the length of calls, or using "hands-free" devices to keep mobile phones away from the head and body.
- Á¤ºÎ: ¸¸¾à ±ÔÁ¦ ´ç±¹ÀÌ °Ç°°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °¡À̵å¶óÀÎÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ´ëÁßµéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» °í·ÁÇÏ¿© °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§ÇÑ Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¹æÃ¥À» µµÀÔÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ³ëÃâ Á¦ÇÑ¿¡ °íÀÇ·Î Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÀü ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¹Ç·Î½á °¡À̵å¶óÀÎÀÇ °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ¼Õ»ó½ÃÄѼ´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ¿¹¹æÃ¥µéÀº ÀåºñÁ¦Á¶¾÷ÀÚ³ª ÀϹÝÀεéÀÌ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÀÚÆÄÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ ±ÇÀåÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î º°°³ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î½á µµÀԵǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼ºÎ»çÇ×Àº ºÐ¸®µÈ WHO ¹è°æ ¹®¼¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.
- °³ÀÎ: ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÇÐÀû Á¤º¸°¡ À̵¿ÀüÈ »ç¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ¿¹¹æÀÇ Çʿ伺À» ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸¾à °³Àεé·Î½á ÀǽÉÀÌ µÈ´Ù¸é, ÀڽŵéÀ̳ª º»ÀεéÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ÀüÈÇÏ´Â °Å¸®¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇѴٰųª, À̵¿ÀüȷκÎÅÍ ¸Ó¸®³ª ¸öÀ» ¶³¾î¶ß¸®´Â ¡°ÇÚÁîÇÁ¸®¡± ÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ³ëÃâµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇϵµ·Ï ±ÇÇÑ´Ù.)
Obey local restrictions on mobile phone use to avoid EMF interference: Mobile phones may interfere with certain electromedical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers and hearing aids. In hospital intensive care departments mobile phone use can be a danger to patients and should not be used in these areas. Similarly mobile phones should not be used in aircraft as they may interfere with its navigation systems.
ÀüÀÚÆÄ °£¼·À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ À̵¿ÀüÈ »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Áö¿ªÀû Á¦ÇÑÀ» ÁؼöÇ϶ó: À̵¿ÀüÈ´Â ½ÉÀå¹Úµ¿Á¶Àý±â³ª º¸Ã»±â¿Í °°Àº ÀüÀÚÀÇ·á ÀåÄ¡¿¡ °£¼·À» ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º´¿øÁýÁߺ¸È£±¸¿ª¿¡¼ À̵¿ÀüÈÀÌ¿ëÀº ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô À§ÇèÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼´Â À̵¿Àüȸ¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô À̵¿ÀüÈ´Â ºñÇà±âÀÇ Ç×°ø ü°è¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ºñÇà¿¡¼µµ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.)
Driving safety: In moving vehicles there is a well established increase in the risk of traffic accidents while the driver is using a mobile phone, either a conventional handset or one fitted with a "hands free" device. Motorists should be strongly discouraged from using mobile phones while driving.
¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¿îÀü: À̵¿ÇÏ´Â Â÷¿¡¼ ¿îÀüÀÚ°¡ À̵¿Àüȸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ¸é ¡°ÇÚÁîÇÁ¸®¡± ÀåÄ¡¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ°Ç ¾ÈÇÏ°Ç °£¿¡ ±³Åë»ç°íÀÇ À§ÇèÀÌ Áõ°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ¿îÀüÀÚ´Â ¿îÀüÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È À̵¿Àüȸ¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ±Ç°íµÈ´Ù.
Simple protective measures: Fences or barriers or other protective measures are needed for some base stations (principally, those located on building rooftops) to preclude unauthorised access to areas where exposure limits may be exceeded.
°£´ÜÇÑ º¸È£¹ý: ¿ïŸ¸®³ª À庮À̳ª ´Ù¸¥ º¸È£ ÀåÄ¡µéÀº ³ëÃâ ±âÁØÀ» ³Ñ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ¹«´Ü Á¢±ÙÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¸î¸î ±âÁö±¹(±âÁö±¹ÀÌ °Ç¹°ÀÇ ¿Á»ó¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ °æ¿ì) ¿¡¼ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
RF absorbing devices: Scientific evidence does not indicate any need for RF-absorbing covers or other "absorbing devices" on mobile phones. They cannot be justified on health grounds and the effectiveness of many such devices in reducing RF exposure is unproven.
°íÁÖÆÄ ¿ÏÈ ÀåÄ¡: °úÇÐÀûÀÎ Áõ°Å°¡ À̵¿ÀüÈ¿¡ ¡°Èí¼ö ÀåÄ¡¡±³ª °íÁÖÆÄ Èí¼ö Ä¿¹öÀÇ Çʿ伺À» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀåÄ¡µéÀÌ °íÁÖÆÄ ³ëÃâÀ» ÁÙÀΰųª °Ç°À» °³¼±ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °ËÁõµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
Consultations with the community in siting base stations: Base station sites must offer good signal coverage and be accessible for maintenance. While RF field levels around base stations are not considered a health risk, siting decisions should take into account aesthetics and public sensibilities. Siting base stations near kindergartens, schools and playgrounds may need special consideration. Open communication and discussion between the mobile phone operator, local council and the public during the planning stages for a new antenna can help create public understanding and greater acceptance of a new facility.
±âÁö±¹¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ Áö¿ª°úÀÇ »ó´ã: ±âÁö±¹ ºÎÁö´Â Ä¿¹ö¸®Áö°¡ ÁÁ¾Æ¾ß Çϸç À¯Áö¸¦ À§Çؼ Á¢±Ùµµ ¿ëÀÌÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±âÁö±¹ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ °íÁÖÆÄ ¼öÀ§°¡ °Ç°À§Çè¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ºÎÁö °áÁ¤Àº ´ëÁßÀÇ °ü½É°ú ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µû¶ó¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. À¯Ä¡¿ø, Çб³ ¹× ¿îµ¿ÀÚ ÁÖº¯¿¡ ±âÁö±¹À» ¼³Ä¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¾ÈÅ׳ªÀÇ ¼³Ä¡ °èȹÀ» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È À̵¿ÀüÈ Á¦°øÀÚ, Áö¿ª Çùȸ¿Í ´ëÁߵ鰣ÀÇ ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅë°ú Åä·ÐÀº »õ·Î¿î ¼³ºñÀÇ ¼ö¿ë ¹× ÀÌÇظ¦ ¾ò´Âµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Providing information: An effective system of health information and communications among scientists, governments, industry and the public is needed to raise the level of general understanding about mobile phone technology and reduce any mistrust and fears, both real and perceived. This information should be accurate, and at the same time be appropriate in its level of discussion and understandable to the intended audience.
Á¤º¸Á¦°ø: °úÇÐÀÚ, Á¤ºÎ, »ê¾÷ü ¹× ´ëÁßµé »çÀÌÀÇ È¿°úÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸±³È¯ ü°è´Â À̵¿ÀüÈ ±â¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇØ ¼öÁØÀ» ³ôÀÌ°í Àǽɰú µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ÁÙÀ̱â À§Çؼ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â Á¤È®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ °ü½ÉÀִ ûÁßµéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í Åä·ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ·¹º§¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
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